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Edward Flanders Robb Ricketts (May 14, 1897 – May 11, 1948) commonly known as Ed Ricketts, was an American marine biologist, ecologist, and philosopher. He is best known for ''Between Pacific Tides'' (1939), a pioneering study of intertidal ecology, and for his influence on writer John Steinbeck, which resulted in their collaboration on the ''Sea of Cortez'', later republished as ''The Log from the Sea of Cortez'' (1951). ==Life== Ricketts was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Abbott Ricketts and Alice Beverly Flanders Ricketts. He had a younger sister, Frances, and a younger brother, Thayer. His sister Frances said of him that he had a mind like a dictionary and was often in trouble for correcting teachers and other adults.〔 Ricketts spent most of his childhood in Chicago, except for a year in South Dakota when he was ten years old. After a year of college, Ricketts traveled to Texas and New Mexico. In 1917 he was drafted into the Army Medical Corps. He hated the military bureaucracy but, according to John Steinbeck, "was a successful soldier." After discharge from the army, Ricketts studied zoology at the University of Chicago. He was influenced by his professor, W.C. Allee,〔 but dropped out without taking a degree. He then spent several months walking through the American south, from Indiana to Florida. He used material from this trip to publish an article in ''Travel'' magazine titled "Vagabonding." He returned to Chicago and studied some more at the university.〔 In 1922 Ricketts met and married Anna Barbara Maker, whom he called "Nan." A year later they had a son, Edward F. Ricketts, Jr., and moved to California to set up Pacific Biological Laboratories with Albert E. Galigher: Galigher was Ricketts' college friend with whom he had run a similar business on a smaller scale. In 1924 Ricketts became sole owner of the lab, and soon two daughters were born: Nancy Jane on 28 November 1924, and Cornelia on 6 April 1928. Between 1925 and 1927, Ricketts' sister Frances and both his parents moved to California; Frances and their father Abbott worked with Ricketts at the lab. In late 1930 Ricketts met aspiring writer John Steinbeck and his wife Carol,〔 who had moved to Pacific Grove earlier in the year. For more than a year Carol worked half-time for Ricketts at the lab, until 1932 when Ricketts' wife Nan left, taking their two daughters, and Ricketts no longer had enough money to pay Carol's salary. Steinbeck himself also spent time at the lab, learning marine biology, helping Ricketts preserve specimens and talking about philosophy. Steinbeck lived very near the lab. What kept them together was the discovery that each had an almost boundless curiosity about almost everything, and that their personality meshed so well. John had a need to give, and Ed a need to receive. Ed made listening an art. At one point in John's life, he suffered an "overwhelming emotional upset", and went to the lab to stay with Ed. Ed played music for John until he could bear to come back to himself.〔Benson 1990〕 Nan's separation from Ricketts in 1932 was the first of many separations. In 1936 Ricketts and Nan separated for good, and he took up residence in his lab. On 25 November 1936, a fire spread from the adjacent cannery, destroying the lab. Ricketts lost nearly everything, including an extraordinary amount of correspondence, research notes, manuscripts, and his prized library, which had held everything from invaluable scientific resources to his beloved collection of poetry. However, the manuscript of Ricketts' textbook (with Jack Calvin) Between Pacific Tides had already been sent to the publisher.〔 John Steinbeck would become a silent 50% partner in the lab, after funding its reconstruction costs. In 1940 Ricketts and Steinbeck journeyed to the Sea of Cortez (Gulf of California) in a chartered fishing boat to collect invertebrates for the scientific catalog in their book, ''Sea of Cortez''. Also in 1940, Ricketts began a relationship with Eleanor Susan Brownell Anthony "Toni" Solomons Jackson, who became his common-law wife.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.americanjewisharchives.org/pdfs/stern_p276.pdf )〕 As Steinbeck's secretary, Jackson helped edit ''The Log From the Sea of Cortez''. Jackson, who had attended the University of California, Los Angeles, was the daughter of Katherine Gray Church and Theodore Solomons, an explorer and early member of the Sierra Club, who had discovered and defined the John Muir Trail.〔 〕 Jackson and her young daughter Katherine Adele moved in with Ricketts and lived with him until 1947. In addition to Steinbeck, their circle of friends included the novelist and painter Henry Miller and the mythologist, writer, and lecturer Joseph Campbell.〔(Mavericks on Cannery Row ) American Scientist, Book review.〕 During World War II, Ricketts again served in the army, this time as a medical lab technician; he was drafted in October 1942, missing the age cut-off by days. During his service, he kept collecting marine life and compiling data. His son was drafted in 1943. In 1945, Steinbeck's novel ''Cannery Row'' was published. Ricketts, the model for "Doc," became a celebrity, and tourists and journalists began seeking him out. Steinbeck portrayed "Doc" (and thus, Ricketts) as a many-faceted intellectual who was somewhat outcast from intellectual circles, a party-loving drinking man, in close touch with the working class and with the prostitutes and bums of Monterey's Cannery Row. Steinbeck wrote of "Doc": "He wears a beard and his face is half Christ and half satyr and his face tells the truth."〔See Tamm 2004, p. 292; Burkhead 2002, p. 91; Steinbeck 1994 (), Chapter V, p. 29〕 Ricketts himself read ''Cannery Row'' with exasperation, by all accounts, but ended saying simply that it could not be criticized because it had not been written with malice.〔Tamm, Eric Enno. ''Beyond the Outer Shores: The Untold Odyssey of Ed Ricketts, the Pioneering Ecologist Who Inspired John Steinbeck and Joseph Campbell''. Four Walls Eight Windows, 2004. ISBN 1-56858-298-6〕 Ricketts was also portrayed as "Doc" in ''Sweet Thursday'', the sequel to ''Cannery Row''; as "Friend Ed" in Burning Bright; as "Doc Burton" in ''In Dubious Battle''; as Jim Casy in ''The Grapes of Wrath''; and as "Doctor Winter" in ''The Moon is Down''. In September 1946, Ricketts' daughter Nancy Jane had a son, making Ricketts a grandfather. That same year, his stepdaughter Kay's health deteriorated due to a brain tumor; she died the following year, on 5 October 1947. Kay's mother, Toni, overwhelmed with grief, left Ricketts. Just a few weeks later, Ricketts met Alice Campbell, a music and philosophy student half his age. They "married" in early 1948, though the marriage was not valid because Ricketts had never legally divorced Nan. In March 1948 in New York City, Toni Jackson married Dr Benjamin Elazari Volcani, a renowned microbiologist she had met while he was working with the famous microbiologist C. B. van Niel (a student of Albert Kluyver's) at Stanford University's Hopkins Marine Station in Monterey in 1943. In 1948, Ricketts and Steinbeck planned together to go to British Columbia and write another book, ''The Outer Shores'', on the marine life north towards Alaska.〔 Ricketts had already done most of the needed research on previous trips, and he gave Steinbeck the typescripts for these, as he had done previously with ''The Sea of Cortez''.〔Bruce Robison, "Mavericks on Cannery Row," ''American Scientist'', vol. 92, no. 6 (November–December 2004, p. 1: a review of Eric Enno Tamm, (''Beyond the Outer Shores: The Untold Odyssey of Ed Ricketts, the Pioneering Ecologist who Inspired John Steinbeck and Joseph Campbell'' ), Four Walls Eight Windows, 2004.〕 A week before the planned expedition, on 8 May 1948, as Ricketts was driving across the railroad tracks at Drake Avenue, just uphill from Cannery Row, on his way to dinner after his day's work, a ''Del Monte Express'' (passenger train) hit his car.〔Bruce Robison, "Mavericks on Cannery Row," ''American Scientist'', vol. 92, no. 6 (November–December 2004, p. 1.〕〔Marquis Childs, "A Novel Aquarium Depicts the Story of Monterey Bay," ''Smithsonian'', vol. 16, no. 6 (June 1985), p. 95.〕 He lived for three days, conscious at least some of the time, before dying on May 11. A life-size bust of Ricketts, at the site of the long-defunct rail crossing, commemorates the biologist-philosopher who inspired novelist John Steinbeck and mythologist Joseph Campbell. Passers-by often pick nearby flowers and place them in the statue's hand. Also at the crossing are derelict crossbucks marking the site of the accident. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ed Ricketts」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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